Baked Penne With Lamb in Herb Tomato Sauce

Name: Baked Penne With Lamb in Herb Tomato Sauce
Prep time: 15 min
Cook time: 2 h 25 min
Total time: 2 h 40 min
Cuisine: Italian
Ingredients: 7 medium tomatoes (ripe); 1 head garlic (approximately 10-12 cloves, roughly chopped); 2 medium red onions (finely chopped, approximately 300g / 10.5 oz total); 2 tablespoons olive oil; 8.8 oz ground lamb (minced lamb) (minced lamb, about 250g); 1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary; 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme; 2 tablespoons dried oregano; 1 teaspoon ground black pepper (freshly ground, adjust to taste); 1/2 teaspoon cumin (ground); 1/2 teaspoon chilli flakes (plus extra for garnish); 1 tablespoon butter (15g / 0.5 oz); 1 tablespoon sugar; 1 teaspoon fine sea salt (adjust to taste); 4 cups water (960ml, added gradually as needed); 8.8 oz penne pasta (about 250g); 1 1/2 cups mozzarella cheese (shredded ; about 150g / 5.3 oz, or a mix of mozzarella and cheddar); 1 pinch chili powder (chilli powder in British English) (optional); 1 pinch turmeric powder (optional, for colour)